\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{ctex,siunitx}
\setCJKmainfont{Noto Serif CJK SC}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{circuitikz}
\usetikzlibrary{patterns, calc}
\usetikzlibrary {decorations.pathmorphing, decorations.pathreplacing, decorations.shapes,}
\ctikzset{bipoles/length=1cm}
\begin{document}
\small
\begin{circuitikz}[>=latex, scale=1.0,european]
  % \useasboundingbox(0.9,0)rectangle(5.1,5);
  \draw (0,0)--(0,2);
  \draw (0,2)to [capacitor=$C_1$](2,2)to [capacitor=$C_2$](4,2)to [capacitor=$C_3$](6,2);
  \draw (6,0)--(6,2);    
  \draw (0,0) to [battery] (6,0)   ;
  \node at (3,-.75){$U$};
  \foreach \x in {1,3,5}
  {
    \node at (\x,1.5)[left]{$+Q$};
    \node at (\x,1.5)[right]{$-Q$};
  }
\end{circuitikz}
\end{document}